Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the molecular activity of a substance. The greater the movement of molecules, the higher the temperature.

Intensive Property and Extensive Property

An intensive property is independent of the amount of mass.

Extensive properties are those that vary directly with the mass.

Relative humidity

Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air divided by the maximum amount that the air could contain at that temperature. Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage.

Absolute humidity

Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor divided by a unit volume of air (grams of water/cm3 of air)

Humidity

Humidity is the amount of moisture (water vapor) in the air.

Specific gravity (S.G.)

Specific gravity (S.G.) is a measure of the relative density of a substance as compared to the density of water at a standard temperature

Density

The density of a substance is the total mass (m) of that substance divided by the total ρ volume (V) occupied by that substance (mass per unit volume).

Specific Volume

The specific volume ( ν ) of a substance is the total volume (V) of that substance divided by the total mass (m) of that substance (volume per unit mass).

Weight

The weight (wt) of a body is the force exerted by that body when its mass is accelerated in a gravitational field.

Mass

The mass (m) of a body is the measure of the amount of material present in that body.

Shock Absorbers

• A shock absorber or damper is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp a sudden shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy.
• A dashpot is a mechanical device, a damper which resists motion via viscous friction. The resulting force is proportional to the velocity, but acts in the opposite direction slowing the motion and absorbing energy.
• In most dashpots energy is converted to heat inside the viscous fluid. In hydraulic cylinders the hydraulic fluid will heat up. In air cylinders, the hot air is usually exhausted to the atmosphere.

Water Tube Boilers:

• It is boiler with heat source outside the tube(shell side) and water to be heated is inside the tube.

Fire tube boilers:

• It is boiler with heat source inside the tubes and water to be heated is outside(shell side)

HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generators)

• HRSG is also a boiler which uses the heat rejected from other process or turbines to produce steam. Some HRSGs also have auxiliary firing facility.

Boiler

• A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure.
• The hot fluid is then circulated out of the boiler for use in various purposes or heating applications.

Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites are materials that are created by introducing nanoparticulates (often referred to as filler) into a macroscopic sample material (often referred to as the matrix).

Single-walled carbon nanotube

A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is a one-atom thick sheet of graphite (called graphene) rolled up into a seamless cylinder with diameter on the order of a nanometer. This results in a nanostructure where the length-to-diameter ratio exceeds 1,000,000. Such cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized.

Rolled homogeneous armour

Rolled Homogeneous Armour, or RHA, is a theoretical basic type of steel plate, used as a baseline to compare the effectiveness of military vehicle armour. This can be used to protect the vehicles from spalls or blasts.

Fractography

Fractography is the study of fracture surfaces of materials to determine the cause of failure. The method is used to study fracture surfaces in any material, such as metals, ceramics, glasses and polymers.